Scientific method Scientific method is a way of thinking. The same philosophy which pervades forensic science applies to document examination-the application of scientific method and techniques to the problems relevant to the situation. vii 1 Introduction Within the wide field of forensic science the scientific examination of documents has one purpose, to provide information about the history of a document for the benefit of a court of law, or before that, to an investigating police officer or other agent seeking what evidence is present in the document. The author wishes to thank those colleagues in England and Australia who have made constructive suggestions, pointed out errors and provided invaluable information. The object of the book remains as before, to provide an outline of the subject to those outside the discipline who have a professional interest in the subject, but can also be of value to trainees in document examination. Most of these are referred to in this edition and a large number of further papers published in Forensic Science journals are listed at the ends of the appropriate chapters. ISBN 9-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 3-5 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-7484-0580-1 (Print Edition) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available Cover design by Youngs Design in Production Contents Preface to the Second Edition vii 1 Introduction 1 2 Handwriting: The Variations Between Normal Writings 8 3 Handwriting: Accidental and Deliberate Modification of Handwriting 27 4 Handwriting: The Purposes and Principles of Scientific Examination 42 5 Handwriting: The Collection of Samples 63 6 Typewriting and Typescripts 70 7 The Materials of Handwritten Documents: Substances and Techniques 89 8 Printed and Photocopied Document Examination 116 9 Incidental Marks and Other Scientific Examinations 135 10 The Functions of Photography in Document Examination and Other Special Techniques 155 11 Document Examination in Court 165 Index 177 v Preface to the Second Edition Since the first edition of The Scientific Examination of Documents was published in 1989 there have been some changes in the field of forensic document examination due to advances both in the introduction or wider use of technology in office machinery and in the techniques available to examiners. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Ltd 1997 All rights reserved. ![]() The Scientific Examination of Documents Methods and Techniques The Scientific Examination of Documents Methods and Techniques Second Edition DAVID ELLEN UK USA Taylor & Francis Ltd, 1 Gunpowder Square, London, EC4A 3DE Taylor & Francis Inc., 1900 Frost Road, Suit 101, Bristol, PA 19007 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Table of contents : Content: Chapter 1 Introduction - chapter 2 Handwriting: the variations between normal writings - chapter 3 Handwriting: accidental and deliberate modification of handwriting - chapter 4 Handwriting: the purposes and principles of scientific examination - chapter 5 Handwriting: the collection of samples - chapter 6 Typewriting and typescripts - chapter 7 The materials of handwritten documents: substances and techniques - chapter 8 Printed and photocopied document examination - chapter 9 Incidental marks and other scientific examinations - chapter 10 The functions of photography in document examination and other special techniques - chapter 11 Document examination in court.
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